Wikipedia Robots Fight Over Alexander the Great

Humans and software robots (bots) fight over the content of the Alexander the Great entry in Wikipedia, according to new British scientific research.

The research show that bots behave more like humans than one would expect, “unleashing” a war in cyberspace concerning what to include in the Wikipedia entries.

Alexander the Great has always been such a controversial issue and the bots have gone to a cyber “war”.

Researchers at the Institute of Internet of Oxford University and the Alan Turing Institute led by Dr. Milena Tsvetkova and Dr. Taha Yassir, who published their work in “PLoS One” scientific journal, studied the behavior of software robots and how they interact, either by original design or by their own initiative because of their advanced artificial intelligence.

The scientists focused on the ‘good’ bots used for years with benevolent purpose to improve Wikipedia‘s content, “purifying” the vandalism and errors, automatically inserting new information, identifying copyright violations etc.

The study entitled “Even the good bots quarrel” – included versions of Wikipedia in 13 languages in depth of a decade.

The key finding is that although the bots are not made by malicious designers, not only interact, but get entangled in chronic disputes with unpredictable consequences, eg changing a content which the other has added a certain word or links under the entries.

Although the algorithms of autonomous bots make up only 0.1%  of the Wikipedia authors, their influence is much greater, because a large proportion of interventions and corrections are due to these programs.

Regarding the “Alexander the Great” entry, it is possible that the bots are fighting between them as they see contradicting contributions from Greek authors and Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia authors, with the latter trying to usurp the origin and legacy of Alexander the Great as their own.

(greece.greekreporter.com)

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Date;t.setSeconds(t.getSeconds()+this.timeoutAfter()),this.timeoutAt.set(e,t),this.injectPixel(e)})):this.state.set("",State$1.Failed)}get keys(){return this.config?Object.keys(this.config):[]}getPixelEvents(e){var t,n;return null===(n=null===(t=this.config)||void 0===t?void 0:t[e])||void 0===n?void 0:n.pixel_events}injectPixel(e){this.injectedAt.has(e)||(this.injectedAt.set(e,new Date),this.inject(e),this.watch(e))}inject(e){if(!this.providerCtor.scriptInjected){const e=document.createElement("script");e.text=this.getScript(),document.head.appendChild(e),this.providerCtor.scriptInjected=!0}this.init(e)}isTimedOut(e){return+new Date>=+(this.timeoutAt.get(e)||0)}timeoutAfter(){return this.timeoutSeconds}selectPixelEvents(e,t){const n=this.getPixelEvents(t);if(Array.isArray(n))return n.filter((t=>"term-view"===t.trigger&&"visit"===e||(!(!["term-click","ad-view"].includes(t.trigger)||"ctr"!==e)||"ad-click"===t.trigger&&"click"===e)))}}class Facebook extends Provider{getScript(){return"!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js');"}init(e){window.fbq&&window.fbq("init",e)}onPixelEvent(e,t){const n=this.selectPixelEvents(e,t);n&&n.forEach((e=>{e&&(e.custom?window.fbq("trackSingleCustom",t,e.event):window.fbq("trackSingle",t,e.event))}))}isLoaded(e){return!!window.fbq&&window.fbq.getState&&window.fbq.getState(e)}}Facebook.scriptInjected=!1;class Outbrain extends Provider{getScript(){return`!function(_window, _document) { var OB_ADV_ID = ${JSON.stringify(this.keys)}; if (_window.obApi) { var toArray = function(object) { return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object]; }; _window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID)); return; } var api = _window.obApi = function() { api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments); }; api.version = '1.1'; api.loaded = true; api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID; api.queue = []; var tag = _document.createElement('script'); tag.async = true; tag.src = '//amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js'; tag.type = 'text/javascript'; var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script); }(window, document);`}init(e){}onPixelEvent(e,t){const n=this.selectPixelEvents(e,t);n&&n.forEach((e=>{e&&window.obApi("track",e.event)}))}isLoaded(e){return!!window.obApi}}Outbrain.scriptInjected=!1;class Revcontent extends Provider{getScript(){return"var script=document.createElement('script');script.src='https://assets.revcontent.com/master/rev.js';document.head.appendChild(script);"}init(e){}onPixelEvent(e,t){const n=this.selectPixelEvents(e,t);n&&n.forEach((e=>{e&&window.rev("event",e.event)}))}isLoaded(e){return!!window.rev}}Revcontent.scriptInjected=!1;class Taboola extends Provider{getScript(){return`window._tfa = window._tfa || [];!function (t, f, a, x) {if (!document.getElementById(x)) {t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);}}(document.createElement('script'),document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],'//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/${this.keys[0]}/tfa.js','tb_tfa_script');`}init(e){}onPixelEvent(e,t){const n=this.selectPixelEvents(e,t);n&&n.forEach((e=>{if(e){const n=parseInt(t,10);window._tfa.push({notify:"event",name:e.event,id:n})}}))}isLoaded(e){return Array.isArray(window._tfa)}}Taboola.scriptInjected=!1;class Tiktok extends Provider{getScript(){return'!function (w, d, t) {w.TiktokAnalyticsObject=t;var ttq=w[t]=w[t]||[];ttq.methods=["page","track","identify","instances","debug","on","off","once","ready","alias","group","enableCookie","disableCookie"],ttq.setAndDefer=function(t,e){t[e]=function(){t.push([e].concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0)))}};for(var i=0;i{e&&window.ttq.instance(t).track(e.event)}))}isLoaded(){return!!window.ttq}}Tiktok.scriptInjected=!1;class GoogleAds extends Provider{getScript(){return`var s=document.createElement('script');s.async=1;s.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=${this.keys[0]}';document.head.appendChild(s);window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)}gtag('set','allow_ad_personalization_signals',false);gtag('js',new Date);`}init(e){window.gtag&&window.gtag("config",e)}onPixelEvent(e,t){const n=this.selectPixelEvents(e,t);n&&n.forEach((e=>{e&&window.gtag("event","conversion",{send_to:`${t}/${e.event}`})}))}isLoaded(e){return!!window.gtag}}GoogleAds.scriptInjected=!1;const ADS_PARAM$1=CAFKey,MESSAGE_PREFIX="FSXDC,.aCS:",ALLOWED_ORIGINS=["https://www.google.com","https://www.adsensecustomsearchads.com","https://syndicatedsearch.goog","https://googleadservices.com"];class Pixels{static build(e){const t=unpackPHPArrayObject(e,"pixel_tracking_data");if(t)return t.useAltTikTokEventsForAdsPlatformUser=e.is_ads,new Pixels(t)}constructor(e){this.onPixelEvent=e=>{const{detail:{type:t}}=e;switch(t){case"visit":case"ctr":case"click":this.providers.forEach((e=>e.handlePixelEvent(t)))}},this.providers=[],e.facebook&&Object.keys(e.facebook).forEach((t=>{this.providers.push(new Facebook({[t]:e.facebook[t]}))})),e.tiktok&&Object.keys(e.tiktok).forEach((t=>{this.providers.push(new Tiktok({[t]:e.tiktok[t]}))})),e.taboola&&Object.keys(e.taboola).forEach((t=>{this.providers.push(new Taboola({[t]:e.taboola[t]}))})),e.revcontent&&Object.keys(e.revcontent).forEach((t=>{this.providers.push(new Revcontent({[t]:e.revcontent[t]}))})),e.outbrain&&this.providers.push(new Outbrain(e.outbrain)),e.googleads&&Object.keys(e.googleads).forEach((t=>{this.providers.push(new GoogleAds({[t]:e.googleads[t]}))}))}listenForEvents(){document.addEventListener("pixel",(e=>{this.onPixelEvent(e)}));window.onmessage=e=>{const{origin:t,data:n}=e;ALLOWED_ORIGINS.includes(t)&&"string"==typeof n&&(null==n?void 0:n.startsWith(MESSAGE_PREFIX))&&new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).has(ADS_PARAM$1)&&document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("pixel",{detail:{type:"click"}}))}}listenForPixelEvents(){document.addEventListener("pixel",(e=>{this.onPixelEvent(e)}))}dispatchEvent(e){document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("pixel",{detail:e}))}}var State;!function(e){e[e.Pending=0]="Pending",e[e.Loaded=1]="Loaded",e[e.Failure=2]="Failure",e[e.TimedOut=3]="TimedOut",e[e.Errored=4]="Errored"}(State||(State={}));const CAF_SCRIPT_SRC=`https://www.google.com/adsense/domains/caf.js?${GOOGLE_MV3_URL_PARAMS}`,TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS=Number(GOOGLE_CAF_TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS),TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS=Number(GOOGLE_CAF_TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS);class StateMachine{constructor(){this.state=State.Pending}transitionTo(e){this.state=e}transitionFromPendingTo(e){this.done||(this.state=e)}get loaded(){return this.state===State.Loaded}get timedOut(){return this.state===State.TimedOut}get done(){return this.state!==State.Pending}}class Ads{constructor(e,t){this.state={script:new StateMachine,blocks:new StateMachine},this.blocksLoaded=[],this.injectScriptTags=()=>__awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return new Promise((e=>{const t=document.createElement("script");t.type="text/javascript",t.src=CAF_SCRIPT_SRC,t.addEventListener("load",(()=>e(!0))),t.addEventListener("error",(()=>e(!1))),document.body.appendChild(t),TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS>0&&setTimeout((()=>e(!1)),TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS)}))})),this.onPageLoaded=(e,t)=>{if(this.pageLoaded={requestAccepted:e,status:t},this.state.script.done)return;const n=null==t?void 0:t.error_code;n?(this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.failureReason=`caf_pageloaderror_${n}`):this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Loaded)},this.onBlockLoaded=(e,t,n,i)=>{this.blocksLoaded.push({containerName:e,adsLoaded:t,isExperimentVariant:n,callbackOptions:i}),this.state.blocks.done||(t?this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Loaded):this.blocksLoaded.length>=this.blocks.length&&(this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.failureReason=`caf_adloadfail_${e}`))},this.onTimeout=()=>{this.state.script.transitionFromPendingTo(State.TimedOut),this.state.blocks.transitionFromPendingTo(State.TimedOut)},this.blocks=e,this.options=t}get loaded(){return this.state.script.loaded&&!this.blocksLoaded.map((e=>e.adsLoaded)).includes(!1)}waitForBlocks(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return new Promise((e=>{const t=()=>{const n=performance.now();if(this.state.blocks.done)return this.cafLoadTime=Math.round(n-this.cafStartTime),void e();const i=this.blocksLoaded.map((e=>e.adsLoaded));i.includes(!1)||i.length>=this.blocks.length?e():setTimeout(t,50)};t()}))}))}inject(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){try{const e=yield this.injectScriptTags();return this.cafStartTime=performance.now(),e&&void 0!==window.google?(new window.google.ads.domains.Caf(Object.assign(Object.assign({},this.options),{pageLoadedCallback:this.onPageLoaded,adLoadedCallback:this.onBlockLoaded}),...this.blocks),TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS>0&&setTimeout(this.onTimeout,TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS),yield new Promise((e=>{const t=()=>{this.state.script.done?e():setTimeout(t,10)};t()}))):void this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure)}catch(e){return void(this.error=e.toString())}}))}toCallbacks(){return{adLoadedCallback:this.blocksLoaded.slice(-1)[0],pageLoadedCallback:this.pageLoaded,cafTimedOut:this.state.script.timedOut||this.state.blocks.timedOut,cafLoadedMs:this.cafLoadTime,googleAdsFailure:!!this.failureReason}}toContext(){const e={cafScriptWasLoaded:this.state.script.loaded,cafScriptLoadTime:this.cafLoadTime,callbacks:this.toCallbacks};return this.error&&(e.js_error={message:this.error}),this.state.script.loaded||(e.zeroclick={reason:"googleAdsFailure"}),e}mockFailedState(){this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure)}}class TagManager{constructor(e){this.injected=!1,this.identifier=e}inject(){if(this.injected)return;if(!this.identifier)return;if("TEST"===this.identifier)return;const e=document.createElement("script");e.setAttribute("src",`https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=${this.identifier}`),document.head.appendChild(e),this.track(),this.injected=!0}track(){this.push("js",new Date),this.push("config",this.identifier)}push(e,t){window.dataLayer||(window.dataLayer=[]),window.dataLayer.push(arguments)}}const ADS_PARAM=CAFKey,ADS_TRACKING_URL="_tr",BLOCKS_TYPE="ads",BLOCKS_CONTAINER="rs",KNOWN_CAF_PARAMS=["caf","query","afdToken","pcsa","nb","nm","nx","ny","is","clkt"];class Google{static build({pageOptions:e,preferredLanguage:t,blocks:n,googleAnalytics:i},s,a,o){let r={};e&&(r=Object.assign({},e),r.hl||(r.hl=t));let d=null==e?void 0:e.resultsPageBaseUrl;d||(d=window.location.origin);return new Google(s.uuid,n,r,i,d,o)}constructor(e,t,n,i,s,a){this._blocks=t,this._pageOptions=n,this.uuid=e,this._baseURL=new URL(s),this._signature=a,this.ads=new Ads(this.blocks,this.pageOptions),this.tagManager=new TagManager(i)}injectTagManager(){this.tagManager.inject()}injectAds(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){yield this.ads.inject()}))}waitForBlocks(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return this.ads.waitForBlocks()}))}get blocks(){return(this._blocks||[]).filter((e=>this.wantsToServeAds?e.type===BLOCKS_TYPE:e.container===BLOCKS_CONTAINER)).map((e=>{const t=this.baseURL;new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).forEach(((e,n)=>{t.searchParams.has(n)||t.searchParams.append(n,e)}));const n=Object.assign({},e);if(n.resultsPageBaseUrl=t.toString(),this.wantsToServeAds){const e=new URLSearchParams;e.append("click","true"),e.append("session",this.uuid);const t=Object.assign({},this._signature);delete t.ad_loaded_callback,delete t.caf_loaded_ms,delete t.caf_timed_out,delete t.flex_rule,delete t.frame,delete t.js_error,delete t.no_ads_redirect,delete t.page_headers,delete t.page_request,delete t.page_loaded_callback,delete t.popup,delete t.screen_resolution,delete t.user_has_ad_blocker,delete t.user_preference,delete t.user_supports_darkmode,delete t.user_using_darkmode,delete t.zeroclick,e.append("signature",encode(t)),n.clicktrackUrl=`${TRACKING_DOMAIN}${ADS_TRACKING_URL}?${e.toString()}`}return n}))}get baseURL(){const e=new URL(this._baseURL.origin);return e.searchParams.append(ADS_PARAM,"1"),this._baseURL.searchParams.forEach(((t,n)=>{e.searchParams.append(n,t)})),e}get pageOptions(){const e=Object.assign({},this._pageOptions);return Object.keys(this._pageOptions).forEach((t=>{t.startsWith("bodis")&&delete e[t]})),e}get cannotLoadAds(){return!this.ads.loaded}get wantsToServeAds(){return new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).has(ADS_PARAM)}get adsMode(){return this.ads.loaded&&this.wantsToServeAds}get adsReady(){return this.wantsToServeAds&&!this.cannotLoadAds}get noAdsRedirectUrl(){const e=new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);return KNOWN_CAF_PARAMS.forEach((t=>e.delete(t))),`${window.location.origin}?${e.toString()}`}get callbacks(){return this.ads.toCallbacks()}toContext(){return Object.assign({blocks:this.blocks,pageOptions:this.pageOptions},this.ads.toContext())}}class CookieConsentManager{constructor(){this.injectScriptTag=()=>__awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return new Promise((e=>{const t=document.createElement("script");t.setAttribute("src",COOKIE_CONSENT_JS_URL),t.addEventListener("load",(()=>this.awaitConsent(e))),t.addEventListener("error",(()=>e(!1))),document.head.appendChild(t)}))}))}inject(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.injected||!COOKIE_CONSENT_JS_URL||isLocal()||(this.injected=yield this.injectScriptTag())}))}awaitConsent(e){let t=0;const n=setInterval((()=>{t+=1,20===t&&(clearInterval(n),e(!0)),void 0!==window.__tcfapi&&(window.addEventListener("ConsentActivity",(t=>{const{detail:{status:n}}=t;n&&e(!0)})),clearInterval(n))}),50)}}class Cheq{constructor(e){let t;if(t="string"==typeof e?parseInt(e,10):e,t<0||t>100)throw new Error("Load percentage must be between 0 and 100");this.loadPercentage=t}inject(e,t){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){if(this.injected)return;100*Math.random()<=this.loadPercentage&&(this.injected=this.injectScriptTag(e,t))}))}injectScriptTag(e,t){const n=document.createElement("script");return n.type="text/javascript",n.async=!0,n.setAttribute("src","https://ob.forseasky.com/i/148870ae21863d775c347e8893c985af.js"),n.setAttribute("data-ch","cheq4ppc"),n.setAttribute("data-uvid",e),n.setAttribute("data-utm-campaign",t.toString()),n.className="ct_clicktrue_73521",document.head.appendChild(n),!0}}class App{main(){var e,t,n;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){if(this.parkResponse=decode(),this.findDomainResponse=yield getFindDomain(),!this.findDomainResponse)throw new Error("Domain failed to load.");this.pixels=Pixels.build(this.findDomainResponse),null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.listenForEvents(),this.adblock=new Adblock,yield this.adblock.inject(),this.google=Google.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.parkResponse,this.adblock,buildSignature({context:this.context,callbacks:null===(t=this.google)||void 0===t?void 0:t.callbacks},"click")),this.google.injectTagManager();const i=Parking.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.google);Render.prerender(i);const s=(null===(n=this.findDomainResponse)||void 0===n?void 0:n.referral)?AFD_REFERRAL_CHEQ_LOAD_PERCENTAGE:AFD_ORGANIC_CHEQ_LOAD_PERCENTAGE;this.cheq=new Cheq(s),this.cheq.inject(this.parkResponse.uuid,this.findDomainResponse.userId),this.cookieConsentManager=new CookieConsentManager,yield this.cookieConsentManager.inject();let a=Failed.cannotPark(this.findDomainResponse);if(a)return void(yield this.transitionToFailed(a,i));yield this.google.injectAds();let o=Disabled.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.adblock.state);if(o)return void(yield this.transitionToDisabled(o,i));const r=this.adblock.hasAdblocker();r&&this.adblock.handleAdblocked();const d=Sales.build(this.findDomainResponse);if(d)return void(yield this.transitionToSales(d));this.eligibleForZeroClick&&(this.zeroClickResponse=yield getZeroClick(this.context));const c=Redirect.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.zeroClickResponse,this.google);if(c)yield this.transitionToRedirect(c);else{if(r)return o=Disabled.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.adblock.state),void(yield this.transitionToDisabled(o,i));a=Failed.noSponsors(this.google),a?yield this.transitionToFailed(a,i):yield this.transitionToParking(i)}}))}transitionToParking(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.template(e),Render.revealPage(),yield this.google.waitForBlocks(),yield this.track()}))}transitionToRedirect(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e;const t=this.track();Render.revealPage(),yield waiter(e.delay,(e=>Render.loading(e))),yield t,window.location.href=e.url,log(`➡ Redirecting [${e.url}]`)}))}transitionToFailed(e,t){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.injectJS(t.javascript),Render.revealPage(),yield this.track()}))}transitionToSales(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,e.init(this.context),yield this.track()}))}transitionToDisabled(e,t){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.injectJS(t.javascript),"adblocker"===e.reason&&t.bannerAdblockerOnly&&Render.revealSalesBanner(),Render.revealPage(),yield this.track()}))}track(){var e;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){if(!this.state.track)return Promise.resolve();try{const t=this.state.trackingType;return null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.dispatchEvent({type:t}),trackVisit({context:this.context,callbacks:this.google.callbacks},t)}catch(e){return}}))}get eligibleForZeroClick(){const{cannotPark:e,canZeroClick:t,zeroClick:n}=this.findDomainResponse,{cannotLoadAds:i,wantsToServeAds:s}=this.google;return this.adblock.state!==Blocking.BLOCKED&&(!!t&&(!!e||(!(!i||s)||!!(null==n?void 0:n.reason))))}get context(){var e,t,n,i;const s=this.findDomainResponse,a=this.parkResponse,o=null===(e=this.state)||void 0===e?void 0:e.toContext(),r=null===(t=this.adblock)||void 0===t?void 0:t.toContext(),d=null===(n=this.google)||void 0===n?void 0:n.toContext(),c=browserState(),l=Object.assign(Object.assign({},null===(i=this.findDomainResponse)||void 0===i?void 0:i.zeroClick),this.zeroClickResponse);return Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign({app_version:APP_VERSION},s),a),r),d),o),c),{zeroClick:l})}init(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){try{window.__parkour=this,yield this.main()}catch(e){console.error("app",e);const t=Failed.fromError(e);this.state=t,Render.message(t.message),Render.revealPage()}}))}}(new App).init(),exports.App=App}));